The present study takes a survey of the status of English in Pakistan. It begins with the general description of status of education in the country, moving towards a discussion about the condition of language in the country in general, leading to the place of English language in the education system of Pakistan with special reference to the government education policy regarding English. In the end, the historical roots of English language in Pakistan and its importance has been highlighted with its relevance to the current situation of English in the country. The conclusion reached is that due to linguistic diversity and lack of political will, it is difficult to minimise the role of English language in the country.

National Education Policies provide a broad course of action for the pursuit of educational objectives and educational setup in a country. A number of educational policies have been presented since 1947. There are different policy provisions provided for various levels of education. These policy provisions are the statements that describe the operation of the policy. Importance of every level of education cannot be denied but secondary education is considered to be the most crucial stage for personality building and the successful entry of younger generation into the adulthood. This research study focuses on “The Policy Provisions for Secondary Education in National Education Policy 1998-2010 and their Achievements”. The research study was descriptive in nature including a documentary analysis and survey type. Population of this research study was the heads and teachers working at the secondary level.

t: This study describes the impact on food price inflation in Pakistan due to food export, food import & population. It is quantitative research paper, all the data about variables is taken from 1962 to 2012 from WDI. Due to high rise in prices the poor become poorer & it dishearten them, their 50 % of the earning goes on food. Due to increase in production in PCI (per capita income) & growth, the household expenditure is rising. In Pakistan there is limited marketing for the food that are unpreserved able & a lack of cold storage for food preservation. So prices rise when greater demand for products or less supply. According to Sharif et al. (2000), in Pakistan, there is greater financial loss to State with respect to community revenue that is to be together by the way of excise & duties by the government, when the Pakistan to Afghanistan & Pakistan to Iran unlawfully goods ( agriculture & other) are bought and sold.

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Open source may be viewed by many as a revolutionary phenomenon that is capable of providing the software industry with an alternative and competitive way of doing business. Research done so far has tackled the history and business aspects of the open source phenomena, and only few have researched its technical aspects. The results of the research provide an insight on how different categories of people view open source, and demonstrate that lack of awareness about open source concepts and its competencies may be a major reason behind the poor adoption of open source solutions. The results of the comparative analysis also demonstrate that Map Server is technically equivalent to its commercial counter parts. A new open source sharing platform has emerged from the joint initiatives of the educationist, researchers and software developers. Present paper throws light on the contemporary development of this open source technology in field of geographic information system (GIS). An effort has been made to review the main components of open source technology at desktop and web based platforms, while the significance of open source technologies has been also discussed.

At present common Kashmiris are suffering at the both hands, Indian forces and militants and everyone is using the situation to malign other party. Though India is a democratic country, however, in case of Kashmir, it does not follow the democratic norms and has confined itself to political oratory. Kashmir is a conflict zone where everybody can’t be trialed including militants for killings or kidnapping or for every Pandit claiming of being forced from his home and business. New Delhi has wrongly acknowledged that Peace would be restored only through money politics. It is a matter of political 1 Zeenat Zeeshan Fazil is a Srinagar (Indian Held Kashmir) based Senior Correspondent with prominent English daily “Kashmir Images” since 2008. Her write ups have appeared in - The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Pioneer, Justice Foundation (UK), Pakistan Watch, Pakistan Defense, AALAMI SAHARA"(Sahara media group) Rashtriya Sahara , Karachi News, Pakistan telegraph, State Observer, Kashmir Watch, Kashmir Uzma, Daily Chattan, Kashmir Forum, Pit Bull Talk, Calcutta news, ANI, Sifi news, and several other national and international publications and portals. Apart from working as a journalist, Zeenat is engaged in various social and cultural activities.

This paper explores the possibilities and practices which modern day organizations can adopt to ensure their sustainability and perpetuity. Drawing from Sri Aurobindo’s traditions the paper is of the view that ‘the age of adventure is over’ and the last adventure, the ultimate adventure, left to us will provide model for designing immortal organizations: the adventure within. The paper draws from various Indian traditions and philosophies, including Buddhism. It delineates a corporate’s journey towards Buddhahood (or Supercorporatehood) by devising adherence to the Cosmic Truths as understood by Buddha. Though explicitly not going to the details of the work of Blake & Moutan, the present paper adds the third dimension to their ‘Management Grid’: the concern for personhood. The paper takes Vedantic Science of Soul beyond the confines of some ancient Sanskrit texts, and applies them to fashion out an organization that begins in everlast and will end in everlast.

This study tried to examine what quality means in academic libraries across the public organizations and what were the provisions in public sector for the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) approaches. Two aspects from TQM approaches including unwavering focus on user and continuous improvement in organization were selected covering access and appearance, atmosphere, resources, and services in public sector academic libraries. Research evolved indicators of quality for libraries of public sector universities, and then judged those indicators on the approaches of TQM. The population of research study was the librarians, faculty members and researchers from academic libraries particularly in public sector universities.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity like other infectious diseases globally. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis in Manglawar Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The study was conducted in the period of August 2013 to November 2013. Data was collected along with Performa from 310 TB patients in which 173 (55.80%) were female and 137 (44.19%) were male. High occurrence of TB was recorded in the 15-60 years of age (82.08%).

Since the concepts of health and illness may differ from society to society, the perception of quality of life can be affected by cultural influences and beliefs. It is obvious that the cross cultural differences between eastern and western cultures have great importance in the field of health care setting as well as in other fields. As a result of an increased demand for measuring the quality of life in health care, clinicians and researchers without a suitable Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) questionnaire in their own language, generally prefer subjecting a questionnaire previously validated in another language to a cross-cultural adaptation process because it is seen as a resourcesaving strategy. During the adaptation process of a HRQoL questionnaire, the researchers not only do translations, but also make every effort to maintain a cultural equivalence. Especially in the adaptation of some measures originated from western countries to eastern countries, it is important to reflect significant cultural differences. Discrepancies in socioeconomic status, health perceptions, religion and traditional beliefs should be considered in the modification of a quality of life questionnaire.

After establishing the importance of considering gender issues in urban discourse, this paper examines urban development and sustainability from a gender perspective. A gender analysis of key environmental and development issues is done to identify disparities and inequalities. Issues examined include poverty, employment and access to resources. It was discovered that contemporary trends in urban planning and development reflect the male perspective regarding the role of women as primary caregivers. While gender differentials, especially with regards to employment and access to resources tend to favor the male, effects of urbanization are not genderspecific, as both men and women live in and suffer the consequences of dire urban life. Contrary to what has been found in other countries, public spending with work and social policies is concentrated in the elites and, taken as a whole, tends to increase inequality. Redistributive mechanisms that could reverse this inequality, such as taxes and social assistance, are very progressive but proportionally small; consequently their effect is completely offset by the regressive income flows from the State. The paper concludes by advancing principles that can inform urban planning policies in the process of redesigning and redeveloping urban areas in Rondônia (Brazil) to bemore gender-sensitive and inclusive

There has been a burgeoning interest on the topic of scholarpractitioner. The concept has been adopted in the promotion of Doctor of Business Administration programs by business schools; in the meantime, academics in business schools are increasingly required to work as scholar-practitioners. This prompts the writer to review and synthesize ideas related to scholar-practitioner to come up with a theoretical framework on the professional development to be a scholar practitioner in business management. This framework is intended to inform research on the scholar-practitioner topic as well as to inform scholar-practitioners on their own professional development initiatives. Moreover, the literature review findings on scholar-practitioner are examined based on a Multi-perspective, Systems-based (MPSB) Framework. Overall, the paper espouses a complicated understanding on the professional development of scholar-practitioners.

In a digitalized world, e-banking is a modern method in making business that addresses the technology usage at the most advanced level in trading a banking service or product. E – banking provides consumers at a high speed level, cheaper and at restricted time from the world wide web from the chair of their home. From one side to the other of the world, it seems that banks are trying more to digitalize the way they offer their services, faster and better to their consumers. Long crowds of people in banking retail points and the signed documents, are being substituted at a mouse click – to benefit the necessary banking services.

IEEE 802.16m (WIMAX) is a developing standard aiming next generation wireless systems (4G). In this standard, MIMO plays an important role in meeting the 4G requirements. Large number of MIMO techniques have been established for different links and with various amounts of available channel state information in IEEE 802.16e/m standard. This article offers review of the MIMO techniques in the IEEE 802.16e/m standard. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of critical developments in the field of multiple inputs multiple output (MIMO) wireless communication systems for next generation WIMAX networks. This paper throws light on transit diversity scheme for MIMO systems. Further, 2x2 Spatial multiplexing technique is elaborated and lastly various MIMO detection Techniques like V-blast, zero forcing and sphere decoding techniques are revisited.

Shakespeare was a remarkable genius not only of his age, but also for all time. The Shakespearean presence in India is older and more complex than in any other country in east. Shakespeare did much to distance himself from his original sources and make his own literary works essentially distinct. His Roman plays, especially The Rape of Lucrece, Coriolanus, Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra and Titus Andronicus follow a general Platonic paradigm while exercising tropically. All five works however share Plato’s views in the Republic of the ideal state sliding first into democracy, division within ruling class and so into factionalism, rebellion, mob-rule and tyranny. The public theory is accompanied in Plato by the more personal one in which the passion overtakes reason and so divide and make the soul feeble

This study intended to explore the meanings, patterns and the social function of hijab in university students. In-depth interviews were conducted in university of the Punjab, 5 wearing veil and 5 not wearing veil. The participants were selected through snowball sampling. The thematic analysis was done. There were mainly 6 themes ; meaning of hijab, hijab is personal choice experiences, social protection, modesty, hijab is hindrance in progress or not, Data revealed hijab does not mean to wear long gowns, just wear reasonable dress; cover the body properly is hijab. It was also found out that personal preferences, religious obligation, family pressure and cultural values were the main causes of wearing veil. Furthermore, hijab gives more modesty and social protection to the women it does not restrict her mobility and progress.

This paper explores the need for library leaders and the causes for decline of library directors in the information sector. Library professionals are plenty but trained leaders are scarce. It briefly describes the reasons for the shortage of library leaders in the information industry. It also tries to sort out the difference between managers and leaders. Further it explains the essential qualities required to emerge as library leaders. Importantly a perfect blend of charisma and emotional intelligence are the most essential quality a leader should possess and this paper tries to describe it briefly. It stresses the need and importance for conducting leadership programs for the young professionals to mould them as future library directors. A few glimpses about the ways and means to develop the library leaders had been discussed. It also suggests that leadership programs should be included in the LIS curriculum, as the library students can develop their leadership traits while learning the professional course.

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Arcelor-Mittal steel merger has been one of the most fascinating story of corporate merger that redefined the nature of global steel business. The newspapers were replete with the development of events that led to the merger and its implications for people across continents. Even today in India a book or a simple talk on corporate merger and acquisition would not be complete without the mention of this intriguing corporate takeover. It has been considered as the most talked about corporate merger in India that attracted popular interest. Keeping this in mind the present article selects some key stories related to this event in the year 2005 and 2006 and conceptualizes some key themes that emerge out of those stories and that could be of interest for anyone interested in the fine art of corporate deal making.

The article is an evaluation of populations of Agrostis, determination of age and quantity spectra in different areas and in different plant groups in the high mountains of north-eastern part of the Lesser Caucasus in 2012-2013. As a result of the study in 2012- 2013 second cenopopulation type is young, in 2012 first type of cenopopulation and in 2013 first, third, fourth cenopopulations are types of connection and in 2012 third and fourth cenopopulation types are mature.

The Indian English drama and theatre has been resurrected, re-invoked and revitalized by Sahitya Akademi awardee Mahesh Dattani. His plays like Tara, Dance like a Man, Final solutions, Seven Steps Around the Fire and others act as the harbinger of new themes, concepts, aesthetics, and dramaturgy. Dattani’s plays probes tangled attitudes in contemporary India towards communal differences, consumerism and gender discrimination. It’s a brilliant contribution to Indian English drama. Dattani considers theatre as the most dynamic art form which connects the author and the audience, it’s appreciated by anyone either educated or uneducated, both can feel the pulse or the soul of the enacted story on the stage. Dattani uses some theatrical devices in his plays which make his plays innovative and unique in style. He used techniques like multilevel sets, split scenes, flashback technique, voice over, Interior-Exterior technique and thought technique. Music too plays a vital role in almost all his plays. Dattani infused new spirit in Indian English drama and theatre.

Erratic temporal distribution, highly intensive precipitation and rampant erosion are of major concern for Bangladesh in recent years. In this study attempts were taken to reveal the distribution of precipitation and erosion all over Bangladesh by means of two climate change related precipitation indices named Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) and Modified Fournier Index (MFI). These indices were calculated by using monthly precipitation records from 18 observatory stations all over Bangladesh for the period of 1981-2010.

Shakespeare’s greatness lies in his “comprehensive soul”. That is the most poetic summation of a dramatic genius that has been equalled. If Shakespeare’s writings are the monuments of remarkable genius, they are also the monuments of a remarkable age. His six dramas of English history and three Roman tragedies form such a whole as is found nowhere else, and constitute solid framework of Shakespearean drama. Arguing about Shakespeare’s Roman works: The Rape of Lucrece, Coriolanus, Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra and Titus Andronicus follow a general Ciceroic philosophy. Lucrece, Titus and Caesar share a concern with the Elizabethan succession and its divisiveness and insecurity. His theme in these plays is country instead of anything else. Coriolanus and Antony speak to issue of Stuart absolutism and excess. In Julius Caesar Shakespeare describes the Roman Republic and killing Caesar is the only way to save Roman Republic. When Shakespeare wrote Caesar, it was pretty oblivious that the sixty six year old Queen Elizabeth [1533-1603] was not going to produce an heir to the throne. Her subjects were stressed out about what would happen upon the monarch’s death. Would chaos ensue when Elizabeth died? Who would take the Queen’s place? Would the next monarch be a fit ruler or a tyrant? In other words Shakespeare wants to convey that welfare of people or Republic is the big issue than anything else.

When individuals come to a position of power, the definition of control becomes a new one and changed. It becomes easier to obtain and it literally corrupts their minds. Corruption is something that is motivated by greed and fraud. It's a very threatening personality that controls and destroys people's lives and makes them the kind of person other people don't want to associate with. The reason why corruption has become a global problem is that it's rational to be greedy or wanting for more, but soon after it gets out of control then there is a corrupted person who in order to change would have to step down from power and become a person who doesn't control.

This study examined drug misuse and youth restiveness and its implications on students living around communities of Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. A research sample of 200 participants drawn from three communities around Nasarawa State University, Keffi were used; 130 male and 70 female participants were involved, their age range from 18 to 45 years. Simple random sampling technique was used to ensure equal representation. Mac Andrew Alcoholic Scale was used for the collection of data. Chi-square statistical method was used at 0.05 significant level to analyzed thus: X2.Cal=7.81; X2.Obs=0.195; df=3; P<0.05 for drug availability; X2.Cal=1.29; X2.Obs=21.0; df=2; P>0.05 for peer group pressure; and X2.Cal=4.02; X2.Obs=3.84; df=3; P<0.05 for economic status.

Water from boreholes in Arib (Ain Defla) South-Western Algeria was investigated to ascertain its quality status and suitability for drinking and domestic uses. 56 water samples were collected from four boreholes during March to June 2011. Various physico-chemicals were analyzed. Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, nitrate, nitrite, chloride and sulphate were assessed among the entire samples collected. The results show that: temperature ranges from 18- 23.7°C, pH range is 6.55-6.93. Turbidity ranges between 0.19-0.29. Conductivity ranges between 1848-2840 µS/cm, Alkalinity range is 23- 257 mg L-1, Total hardness is between 40 and 100mg L-1, calcium (121.5-240 mg L-1), magnesium (24-97 mg L-1), Chloride concentration (189-543 mg L-1), nitrate (8-30.5 mg L-1), nitrite (0-0.02 mg L-1) and sulphate concentration ranges between 27.5-2649 mg L-1. Results show that some of the water samples considered in this work does compare favorably with WHO (2004) water standard for drinking and domestic usages while some other samples of boreholes water fall short of this standard.

Afghanistan has been in crises since 1970s as a result of Soviet invasion, civil war and finally the invasion of the US with the allies .At the initial stage of war that was imposed on Afghanistan in 2001, America and its allies claimed to root out the insurgents and that the peace and stability would be soon achieved .But these claims ended in smoke as the situation in Afghanistan is getting worse with the every passing day. Insurgents are still an undaunted challenge to the Allied forces which have utterly failed to find out a way to bring peace and stability in Afghanistan. Afghan crises have negatively affected Pakistan’s internal and external security. Pakistan had to bear the brunt of exceeding Afghan refugees which caused numerous social, political and economical problems. Escalating crime rate, spread of weapons of all sorts, rising militancy, sectarianism, extremism, spread of drugs, terrorism and poor economy are the problems faced by Pakistan because of the crises in Afghanistan. This research paper deals with the current Afghan insurgency and its impact on the Pakistani society in political, social and economic terms.

With the latest technology developments, there is a pressure for the banks to keep up-to-date. One of the main reasons that makes this change necessary is the fast growing innovation in the international market, which increases the competition. The demand is rapidly growing from the market and the customers to innovate and invest in technology. The way that the banks innovate is by investing in better products and services that they offer to the customers. This investment is beneficial for both. On one hand, the banks benefit because of the automated services that become available and on the other hand is beneficial for the customers because they have improved services and can access their account 24/7 even out of the banks working hours.

The present article aims to discuss, the problematics of learning teaching in the modern world. In this context it is necessary to identify the factors that are unleashed by the universe of technology, seeking to make a reflection on the convergence of mediatic epistemology in the learning of pedagogy course by distance education. The present article analyzes whether the positive and negative points of convergence in education at a distance, in the process of teaching and learning that demonstrates the difficulties and the problems caused by lack of knowledge on the use of new technologies.

Diabetes is a group of diseases which creates peculiarly high level of glucose in blood due to gradual destruction of beta cells by body own immune system. Regardless of advancement in accepting the original disease mechanisms for type 1 diabetes, there is still a scarcity of efficient therapies for diabetes. In current existence researchers have been trying to find out ways for replacement of beta cells or beta cell function. The proposal that the beta cells which lost in type1 diabetes possibly will be replaced by stem cell transplantation approaches using different stem cells sources and mechanisms. Stem cell therapy is one of the most promising treatments in near future and it is predictable that this kind of therapy can improve the basic health care of diabetic patients. The development and demarcation of stem cells from any origin have considerable potential to overcome the deficiency of insulin producing Beta cells. This article summarizes the contemporary research work on the function of some of the stem cells originated from different origins on curing type 1 diabetes mellitus.

One of the most important features of being adapted to the existing climate condition of the plants is the seed productivity. Some kinds of seed productivity have been learnt in the investigated territory by us. Investigated territory was Goshgar and Kapaz mountain tracts. The same territories are defined by short vegetation period, low temperature, with the high sun radiation. (1,2s). The general accepted methods were used in the learning of the process of seed productivity and increasing with seed (5,6,7). The potential and real seed productivity was investigated for defining the seed productivity

Within the context of the rise of domestic education and middle-class women readers and writers, conduct literature has made a substantial contribution to the understanding of social responsibilities and proper behaviour. The traditional representation of women is that they show humble submission and that they compliantly meet the rules and standards of society. However, we argue that women writers such as Lady Mary Chudleigh, Delarivier Manley, Susanna Centlivre, Elisabeth Singer Rowe, Eliza Haywood and Sarah Pennington have found ways to go beyond ideal models of femininity and to respond to this hegemonic society by negotiating the notion of desire and by creating alter-egos in conduct literature. The paper focuses on six different kinds of texts representing the generic variety of this sort of writing: a poem, a semi-autobiographical novel, a comedy, a three-part epistolary conduct book, a periodical and advice writing or a conduct manual. Through this approach we aim to show that this variety of texts is an attempt to illustrate the universal response to the existing social mores.

The main purpose of this paper was to explore the aggression, aspiration of adolescents studying in different types of high schools and to determine the relationship between aggression and aspirations of adolescents studying in different types of high schools. The study includes 300 male and 300 female high school students as samples selected from five selected districts of govt. and Private High schools through applying stratified random sampling method. To study above area two objectives are framed and correlating with objectives same number of hypothesis constructed. To measure the variable aggression an aggression scale developed by KM.Roma Pal and Mrs. Tasneem Nagvi was used and for measuring aspiration a standardized tool developed by M.A. Saha and Mahesh Bargava was used. It was found that the adolescents studying in different high schools do not differ in their aggression and aspiration level. There is positive relationship between aggression and aspiration of adolescent girls of Govt. school and adolescent boys studying in Pvt. schools. There is a negative relationship between aggression and aspiration level of adolescent boys of Govt.school and girls of Pvt. Schools.

Dalit Literature is the literature about the Dalits, the oppressed class under Indian caste system forms an important and distinct part of Indian literature. Though Dalit narratives have been a part of the Indian social narratives since 11th century onwards, with works like Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam portraying Dalit women like half-naked and sexually exploitable and praising the killing of thousands of Dalits on "Kazhumaram" in the hands of Gnanasambandan, Dalit literature emerged into prominence and as a collective voice after 1960, starting with Marathi, and soon appeared in Hindi, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil languages, through selfnarratives, like poems, short stories and most importantly autobiographies known for their realism, and for its contribution to Dalit politics.

University libraries in Sri Lanka are gradually transforming their functions and services into a status to fit the current electronic era. However, due to the financial constraints, these libraries are deploying automation at various forms and levels, such as partial automation to fully automated, RFID-assisted setups. In this regards, this study surveys the extent of library automation in the university libraries that fall into the governance of UGC, Sri Lanka. The findings reveal that at the juncture of library automation with commercial software, many libraries experiment the potentiality of open-source softwares, which are, nevertheless, varying in their origin, application and integrity. Hence, the authors insist upon and propose to enforce guidelines to execute OSSs in such a manner to connect all bibliographic databases into a cooperative OPAC.

e colonial encounter is represented and how it deals with colonial suppression and suppression in Things Fall Apart. It has also been observed in this research paper that Chinua Achebe has rightly reconstructed historical and political events regarding the recent past of the Igbo people who were suppressed and oppressed by the Europeans. An attempt is also made to show how Igbo community life is represented and how the arrival of white missionaries and colonial administrative gradually started to question and destroyed that traditional life of Igbo people from within by eroding its value system, firstly through piece-meal religious conversions and then by involving political system in the place of traditional Igbo one. In this way the novel deals with social, political, religious, cultural, economical, as well as educational suppression of Igbo tribe. They not only suppressed them but also oppressed them with British colonial administration.

It is realized that emotionally stable personalities always contribute to organization goal; this study’s aim was to verify and observe the impact of emotional stability on the job satisfaction. The research outcome is that job satisfaction is positively impacted by the emotional stability of person personality. It was appreciated that the job satisfaction is the dependent of emotional stability, the employees who were emotionally stable were generally satisfied with their jobs.

Women of long past and present, irrespective of the eastern or the western, are still under the domination of men. They are the victims of patriarchy. This realization leads to the emergence of feminism, which is a movement fighting for women’s freedom. There are three sections in which women in patriarchy belong to. First, women with revolting nature who act upon their feelings and fight for their independence; secondly, women who compromise and live their lives in agony; and finally, women who do not even realize their sufferings and take it as their duty to do so. This paper is a comparative study of two such women who belong to the first and second categories – Edna in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening (1899) and Sita in Anita Desai’s Where Shall We Go This Summer? (1975). With the realization that they had been living their lives not for themselves but for others, both the heroines take ‘escapism’ as their weapon to free themselves from their suppressed and oppressed surroundings. Though Edna belongs to an American society and Sita to an Indian, both face the same torments that are caused by the society in which they live in and by the people around them. Unable to set themselves free, they try to escape from the bitter reality to their own world where they wouldfeel the sense of freedom. The difference is their ways of escaping from it – to succeed or to fail.

This study is an attempt to analyze the consequences of official development assistance on the economic growth of five south Asian economies namely Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. A panel data covering the time period from 1996 to 2011 has been used in this study. Explained variable used is Gross domestic product and explanatory variables are: Net official development assistance and official aid received , Gross fixed capital formation, total labor force and rule of law.The results of hausman test reveals that panel fixed effect estimator is a better measure than random effect estimator and the results of panel fixed effect estimator reveals that there is nonlinear U shape relationship between net official development assistance and economic growth in the sample of countries being selected .

The search for learning resources to promote a substantial and meaningful learning has been the focus for many studies and researches directed to the acquisition of non-arbitrary knowledge, ie., knowledge that act as "anchor" for new information and new ideas. Based on this premise this article proposes a study on the student´s perception about the use of concept maps as a support teaching to Meaningful Learning and as a facilitator in organizing and understanding content covered in the Literature´s lessons.

Universal access and retention are two major objects through which nations including India committed to achieve Education for All which is central to the UN’s Millennium Development Goals and Education for All. Non-enrollment and drop outs are therefore prime concerns before the nation, and more so in the context of marginalized sections. Scavengers are the lower most and at the bottom level of marginalization. Though living in urban areas could help them in adopting conducive and hygienic culture, scavengers and their children lag behind due to a large number of factors. The paper examines the factors that cause non-enrollment and dropout among 305 marginalized children in the age bracket of 6 to 14 years drawn through purposive sampling from 250( out of 2000)households of scavenger communities. The prevalence of dropout and non-enrollment rate is reported to be 55% and 40% respectively. Responses relating to factors that cause such high rate of dropout and non-enrollment were recorded through observation and personal interviews.

Rapid and accurate quantification of Salmonellae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is critical for management of water-borne diseases. This needs careful computation of primers for amplification in single run. In this study, the potential of in-silico amplification of target genes of the designed SYBR Green real-time PCR array was determined to detect target pathogens. Salmonellae and ETEC signature virulent gene sequences invA and LT1 were retrieved from NCBI’s GenBank database. The primers were designed using PrimerBLAST and analysed for specificity. In-silico PCR simulations of these primers were done for validation. The computed primers exhibited melting temperatures in the narrow range of 58.75-59.890C, making them suitable in array format. The primers were highly specific towards target genes on the basis of BLAST results against known microbial genomes. In-silico PCR simulation of these assays generated amplicons for invA (115 bp) and LT1 (90 bp) genes. Genomic equivalent standards (106-1 CFU/PCR) of both the target genes on 96- well PCR plate were formulated.

Current study examined the situation and sustainable management of water supply in Bahawalpur city. A questionnaire survey was conducted in selected study areas i.e. Model town A, Model town B, Satellite town, Shahdrah and Islami colony taking 100 respondents as samples using random stratified sampling. It is revealed that just 10-15% population was consumed municipal water supply that covered only 3% service area. In order to improve existing water supply situation provincial government were inaugurated two mega projects namely Southern Punjab Basic Urban Services Project (SPBUSP) and Punjab Health Engineering Department’s (PHED) Rehabilitation and Augmentation of Urban Water Supply Scheme. Survey results indicated that about 53.5% respondents were willing of having municipal water supply, while 46.5% were not trusted on municipal water supply.

Meat is an important nutritional food item, essential for growth and maintenance of good health. The present work was carried out in Food Microbiology Department at Nuclear Institute of Food and Agriculture, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. Different samples of raw beef and poultry meat were collected from local places to see the effect of irradiation on the quality of meat used to increase the shelf life of meat. The samples were packaged in sterile tetra bags. After collecting total samples half of them were exposed to gamma irradiation with dose of 2.5 and 5kGy, installed at Nuclear Institute of Food and Agriculture Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. After analyzing total bacterial count, total coliforms count and total fungal count, the data revealed that low dose irradiated and un-irradiated sample were contaminated with enterobacteriacae and fungi. There was no growth observed at high dose irradiation. Hence the raw meat collected was unfit for health while the meat irradiated was free of microorganism and have more shelf life. It was found that meat sold in Peshawar city is highly contaminated in terms of microbes. This contamination in beef comes from soil during handling, floors and drains in the slaughterhouses. Thus to eradicate or eliminate this microbial contamination through proper handling and sanitation is not enough. We have to introduce, develop and apply the irradiation technology in slaughterhouses of the big cities in Pakistan.

: In the foreword to Chotti Munda and His Arrow (2002, viii), Gayatri Spivak has enunciated the cardinal objective of Mahasweta Devi. Spivak asserts, “Mahasweta articulates tribal history with colonial and postcolonial history…one of the most striking characteristics of the novel is the sustained aura of the subaltern speech” (Chotti Munda, vii-viii). Mahasweta has actively committed herself to the salvation of the tribal masses from the stigma of caste intolerance. The scourge of racism that has assaulted the very existence of the tribals, is a system perpetrated by the high classes of India. This in turn was grievously secured by the elitist colonials during imperial dominion of India. Hence, Mahasweta has exposed the colonial as well postcolonial history of India to state how the tribal masses were dehumanized by the colonizers in the colonial India and are meted out with the same treatment by the Hindu elites of colonial and postcolonial India. In fact, it is Mahasweta’s conviction to subvert the unbalanced equation of caste by challenging the orthodox traditions of the mainstream society

In this paper, I am, in the beginning, planning to draw the historical circumstances that produced the Dalit Literature. Dalit Literature is, in fact, the writings that are about dalits. The Dalit movement is a contention against anti-caste movement to build a modern democratic and secular Indian identity. The term Dalit literature dates back to the First Dalit literature in 1958 in the state of Maharashtra in India. The word ‘Dalit’ came into manipulation after Independence, which means down-trodden, subjugated or broken, it was used in the 1930s as a Hindi and Marathi translation of ‘depressed classes’. The word classically used was “Untouchable” or “Shudra”. Dalit, we can say, is not a caste but a symbol of change that can bring revolution in the so called ‘Society’. It includes schedule tribes, poor peasants, women (who are considered lower than men), and all those who are being exploited politically, economically in the name of religion. They live dangerously insecure existence, avoided by much of society because of their ranks as “untouchables” or “Dalits”

Human resources play an immense role to determine the level of development in all economies of the world. Low level of human resource development can be attributed to several factors like high growth rate of population, poverty, unemployment inequality, illiteracy and mortality etc. These factors mostly prevail in developing countries like ours. It is necessary to know in quantitative terms the number of people living in a country at a particular time and the rate at which they are growing i.e. the growth of population. Growing population has forward and backward linkages with the other economic dynamics particularly poverty and unemployment. Rising population is accompanied by a rise in the labor force of the community which leads the substantial chunk of population to unemployment. The rising population has serious implications on poverty also. Poverty can be defined as a social phenomenon in which a section of the society is unable to fulfill even its basic necessities of life. The present paper is an attempt to unveil the present status of population growth, poverty and unemployment in India. The statistical analysis of the data of population growth demonstrates that during the decade of 2001-2011, the urban population has increased more rapidly as compare to rural population

The main objective of the study was to find out the annual rate of transformation in utilization pattern of farmland to non-farm use. Besides, attempt was also made to explore and describe the reasons for transformation of farmland to non-farm use and find out the loss of production due to transformation of crop land to non-farm use. The study was conducted with 60 selected household owners of Mymensingh Sadar upazila under Mymensingh district. A pre-tested interview schedule was used to collect data from the household owners during October, 2011. During the ten-year period of 2001 to 2010 annual transformation of agricultural land was 1.97 percent. The main non-agricultural uses of converted land were identified as housing, brick fields making, business establishments and road construction occupying 46.95, 32.23, 12.44 and 11.41 percent of the converted land, respectively. The major reasons for land transformation were settlements, brick fields, gas station, government land acquisition, improper land cultivation and poorly constructed road networks. In general, 61.67 percent and 38.33 percent respondents responded on extent of reasons as high and medium for land transformation. On the basis of current estimation of rate of transformation of crop land, the annual loss of crop production was Taka 262.98 thousands.

Wireless Sensor Network is made of a huge number of low cost and low power sensor nodes that are connected by means of wireless links. It has wide applications in the area of vehicle tracking, environment monitoring, target tracking. The main characteristic of Wireless Sensor Networks is limited bandwidth, computing capacity and limited battery power showing their design more challenging. A critical issue in WSNs is their limited power and much research has been done for tackling this critical issue. The scheduled Rendezvous Scheme has been applied for power management. It has showed some good results for power saving in WSNs.

Wireless Sensor Network is used to detect and report a certain event on a certain area, for example battlefield sensor network that reports the movements of troops. The idea behind these networks is that they are deployed by scattering in a certain area .e.g. by dropping them out of an airplane, the sensors automatically activate and auto configure as a it is in mesh topology shape and they determine how to send data packets to the data collector. One feature of this network is the movement of data collected to the data collector and the network can be modeled as a directed graph and every two nodes can be identified as upstream and downstream. A primary challenge of such a network is that all sensors operate on a finite supply of energy, in the form of a battery. These batteries are rechargeable e.g. by embedded solar panels but still the sensors have finite power store. Any sensor which drops the power level or its level reaches to its minimum level drops out of communication and may end up the network portioning. The maximum useful lifetime of the network at the worst case is the minimum lifetime of any sensor. There are certain design parameters and by applying them, the lifetime of the network can be maximized. The issues and solutions recommended can extend the life the network up to 30%.

Globalisation as a term has gained immense popularity in today’s economic scenario and it is the outcome of the blend of liberalisation and privatisation. While liberalising the economy, policy makers should remember that it is agriculture which has the wide potential to determine the fortunes of a vast majority of farmers in India and also make a dent in their poverty. Globalisation means integrating the domestic economy of a country with the world economy. In India, the process of globalisation picked up with the policy reforms of 1991. Globalisation refers to the growing economic interdependence among countries in the world, with regard to technology, capital, information, goods, services etc. This paper explains the meaning of globalisation, the Impact of Liberalisation on the agro sector vis-a-vis the Peasantry of India. This paper is based on secondary data and the views expressed are based on that.

The water quality parameters of water supply in different areas of five districts of Karachi city, namely Central, South, East, West and Malir were analyzed. The various water quality parameters namely pH, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Electrical conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Total hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca2+) Magnesium (Mg2+), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl- ), Sulphate (SO4 2- ), Nitrate (NO3 - ) and Nitrite (NO2 - ) were determined by using standard classical and instrumental methods of analysis. The Dissolved oxygen (DO) and Biological oxygen demand (BOD) of water samples were also measured to evaluate the biochemical characteristics of water. The results for the analysis of water quality parameters were compared with the values provided by WHO and PSQCA guidelines in order to access the quality of water. The water quality parameters for the water supply in all the selected areas of different districts of Karachi city complied with the WHO and PSQCA guidelines

While dealing with issue of immigration, the first thing that comes into one’s mind is how an immigrant will manage in a totally new environment and culture? What are the problems ahead in their life? The question of their identity is a very important issue. Most of the contemporary Indian writers are dealing with this issue in different ways and Kapur is one of them. In my paper I have tried to show how the immigrants suffer in the new countries, as depicted in Manju Kapur’s novel

Two sides of a coin is a symbolic representation of history by historians and historical playwrights. Both seek erudition in the subject and discover the recorded facts. Both endeavor in exposing the past to the contemporary generation and ease the research of scholars but in terms of the degree of freedom in writing the history, the historians are restricted to represent history only on the basis of profound evidences and witnesses. They have no purpose to entertain the readers as well as have no propensity to satirize or laugh at historical characters. They have to forward the mirror image of the recorded past without bringing any kind of allusions. On the other side, the historical playwrights have got a higher degree of freedom in representing history to the audience. For example they may modify the elements of history; they may blend the chronology or may discuss an incidence in a stretched manner. They can also convey a didactic message to the society through the representation of the historical character or have the privilege to satirize him also. Sometimes they indicate their purpose of constructing the historical character in the contemporary society by bringing some allusions. They may also add some fictional events or character in order to romanticize or entertain the audience.

Entrepreneurship plays a key role in social-economic development of developing countries such as Tanzania where both poverty and unemployment are high. The relationship between unemployment and entrepreneurship is double-faceted. On the one hand, the literature has established that unemployment stimulates entrepreneurial activity, which has been termed as a “refugee effect”. On the other hand, literature has recognized that higher levels of entrepreneurship reduce unemployment; this has been termed as the “Schumpeter effect”. This paper is built within the Schumpeterian effect-theory, which emphasizes that, entrepreneurship reduces unemployment. In order for graduates to become entrepreneurs, positive attitude or tendency towards entrepreneurship is required. Persons with higher entrepreneurial tendencies are said to have positive inclination towards entrepreneurship. It is in this viewpoint that the government of Tanzania has accentuated entrepreneurship training programmes within universities countrywide, in order to empower graduates and facilitate their entry into business; so as to gradually transform them into job creators.

One of the most important features of being adapted to the existing climate condition of the plants is the seed productivity. Some kinds of seed productivity have been learnt in the investigated territory by us. Investigated territory was Goshgar and Kapaz mountain tracts. The same territories are defined by short vegetation period, low temperature, with the high sun radiation. (1,2s). The general accepted methods were used in the learning of the process of seed productivity and increasing with seed (5,6,7). The potential and real seed productivity was investigated for defining the seed productivity

The aim of the present research is to examine the relationship between the self-efficacy and imagery ability with the performance of elite women table tennis players. The statistical population included 57 elite women table tennis players under the age of 21 years who managed to attend the national final tournament of single player to determine the rank of players from 1 to 32. Thirty two of these players were randomly selected through the accessible sampling method. The research was a descriptive-correlational method by which Bandura Personal Self-Efficacy (PSE) questionnaire was used as the tools for measuring data. Gold and Weisberg questionnaire was employed to measure internal-external mental imagery ability. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS: 18.0. Descriptive statistics as well as Spearman correlation coefficient was used (α=0.05) to test the association between the self-efficacy and internal-external mental imagery ability and performance.

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between time management and Extroversion. A questionnaire was used in order to analyze primary data collection. The result of the study revealed that Time management and extroversion are positively associated with each other. It also revealed that extrovert people can manage time and attain their goals in very efficient manner. 99 % of extrovert people can manage time efficiently. The intensity of the relationship also depends upon the environment in which they work.

This study was carried out on 640 students between 12-16 years of age at Senior Secondary School of Rural and Urban of Ajmer district. The purpose was the study of the correlation among Emotional behaviour, Communication skill and Adjustment of students on the base of different school areas. Emotional Behaviour Scale, Communication Skill Scale (self-created) and Adjustment Scale are used as tools for data collection. T-test and coefficient test of correlation, and statistics method are used for the analysis of collected data. A difference is noticed in Emotional Behaviour, Communication Skill and Adjustment of Rural and Urban school students; at the same time, a difference is studied in the relation of Communication skill and Adjustment.

On the 26th of December 1991, when the Russian Federation was born on the ruins of the Soviet Union, it has to face many challenges ahead as it adopted capitalism in place of communism, such as the challenge to prepare future citizens who are fully suited for the new system of capitalism and democracy. Months later it brought the famous comprehensive law on education, in 1992, as education is the base stone to prepare future citizens. The policies of privatisation, globalisation, democratisation and decentralisation reflected in its educational policies. For the first time there was provision under article 11 for private and non-government educational institutions. The allowing ownership of private institutes for foreign nationals under article 11(1) of chapter (2) was the initiation of globalisation and Russia's joining of Bologna declaration in September 2003, was the clear impact of globalisation on its education system. Under this law, responsibility for general education and school finance was entrusted to regional (oblast) and local (rayon) authorities which was a big milestone towards the decentralisation of education - Chapter IV article 41(4). The citizenship education and the pluralistic approach paved the way for democratisation of education.

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The paper is about how inclusive education can be turned into reality through inclusive planning. It focuses on planning of disability as well as disable; it is something like personality and person. Disability planning revolves around planning in terms of less restricted architecture, curriculum, and administration and budgeting. The disable planning is all about using one’s strengths and offering resources to give expressions to these strengths. A disable child also has same kind of hierarchy of needs as suggested by Maslow for a normal child. Author stressed that building self-esteem can be instrumental in planning growth and development of a disable child. In the end there are given some implications for teacher in terms of Physical, Social, Academic, Emotional and Cultural inclusion planning of a disable child.

Kosovo on its path of development as the state continues to be under constant supervision of the international community. Reflection of this supervision also considered the mediation in reaching Brussels Agreement to Normalize Relation Kosovo- Serbia. Through this short article has made efforts to notify the public opinion about the content and importance of this Agreement, current problems and challenges of some cases allocated between the parties, as well as challenges and problems that could monitor the functioning of the criminal justice system in Kosovo north during the next period of the concretization and implementation of this Agreement. At the end of this article are also presented some concrete conclusions. During the drafting of this article is used analysis and synthesis method comparative, historical, legal, etc.

Present study is an effort to appraise the history and various features of reflective teaching in face of teaching intricacies. It also highlights the disparities and positive aspects of reflective teaching as compared with other teaching methods both traditional and advanced ones specifically in the perspective of language teaching. A case study derived from Pakistan has been exemplified and critically analyzed in this regard. After analysis, it is concluded that this teaching stratagem can bring about productive and rewarding outcomes in the field of language teaching if implemented appropriately.

A study was carried out at Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINUM) cancer Hospital, Faisalabad during the period of June 2010 to June 2011 to access the percentage of lymphoma patient on the bases of age, gender, body mass index and economical status to make the database that will allow scientists and clinicians to search cancer related data and information across the spectrum. This database provides the help for management of lymphoma cancer data and replaces the previous paper based medical record with computerbased record system. For making data base 690 files of already diagnosed malignant patients were studied. Out of 690 patients, 110 (16%) patients were diagnosed with lymphoma cancer. Out of 110 lymphoma cases, 36 (33%) cases of Hodgkin Lymphoma and 74 (67%) cases of Non Hodgkin Lymphoma were observed. Gender based study showed that among 110 patients, 81 (74%) were male and 29(26%) were female. Patient age ranged from 7 years to 85 years, mean age being 46 years.

Wireless Sensor Networks have large number of small nodes used to detect environmental data, send this collected data to the user used for a particular purpose. These networks have been installed on a special area to achieve fine result of the targeted area. These networks have many applications in daily life, in various fields, for example environmental monitoring, industrial applications and in medicines etc. Wireless Sensor Networks contain nodes. These nodes contain small batteries with limited power. The main problem with this network is its power management, so that it may work for a long time, while power management in wireless sensor network is not a simple task to be solved easily. Deep knowledge is needed to solve power management issue.